How can an expert witness prove someone was under the effects of mind control when they committed a crime? Dr. Janina Scarlet explains PTSD and the medical evidence she would need to explain to a court how Hope Shlottman, Jessica Jones, and anyone else under the control of Kilgrave did not understand the nature and consequences of their criminal conduct while under his control.
There has been an awakening. Have you felt it? Between property rights and breach of contract?
Nothing says the holidays like Star Wars! Tune in to hear classic Star Wars legal issues, from Darth Vader on Contracts, whether Medical Droids can commit malpractice, to Obi-Wan’s Defense of Luke Skywalker.
AKA Jessica Jones presented a unique criminal law fact pattern: Wendy attempted to murder her wife Jeri while under the mental control of Kilgrave; Pam, Jeri’s legal secretary and paramour, saved Jeri by killing Wendy. This situation created a strange collision of the insanity defense against the defense of others in whether it was right for Pam to use lethal force to kill Wendy while under the mind control of Kilgrave.
Wendy was in the process of attacking Jeri with a large knife when Pam struck her with a blunt object to the head. Wendy had cut Jeri numerous times, as she was attempting to kill Jeri “by 1,000 cuts.” Wendy’s attack on Jeri was carried out after ordered by the Purple Man to kill Jeri.
Jeri and Wendy were in the middle of an ugly divorce. Wendy had demanded a highly suspect divorce settlement in exchange for not disclosing to the New York Bar that Jeri had bribed a juror at the beginning of her carrier. Jedi sought Kilgrave’s assistance in ordering Wendy to take a divorce settlement, likely with a very different settlement amount.
A lawyer for Wendy could have argued the insanity defense for Wendy. While Wendy was highly determined to kill Jeri for wrongs during the marriage, this arguably was because of Kilgrave’s orders, not Wendy’s own intent. A defense attorney could have argued that Wendy did not understand the nature and consequences of their criminal conduct, thus could not be convicted for assault or attempted murder of Jeri under NY CLS Penal § 40.15(1).
Pam entered Wendy and Jeri’s townhouse to find Wendy attacking Jeri. Pam objectively could see multiple cuts to Jeri and a significant amount of blood. Pam was justified in striking Wendy, because under New York law, a person “may use physical force upon another person when and to the extent he or she reasonably believes such to be necessary to defend himself, herself or a third person from what he or she reasonably believes to be the use or imminent use of unlawful physical force by such other person…” NY CLS Penal § 35.15(1).
Pam could reasonably have believed Jeri was the victim of the “unlawful physical force” by Wendy from the number of cuts Jeri had sustained. Moreover, Pam caught Wendy in the act of attacking Jeri. As such, Pam hitting Wendy on the head would have been justified to stop the attack on Jeri.
Pam did not intent to kill Wendy, whose head struck the side of a table. While it is highly suspect for three people in a love triangle to have a fight where one ends up dead, Pam would have a very strong defense.
The only thing that could undermine Pam’s “reasonable belief” about Wendy’s threat to Jeri, would be if Pam were aware that Kilgrave had ordered Wendy to kill Jeri. If Pam knew Wendy was not in control of her actions, this complicates the analysis. Pam could be seen as taking advantage of the situation to kill the estranged wife who was making unreasonable divorce settlement demands. Pam’s “defense of others” could suddenly look like murder.
Consider this alternative: If Pam had backhanded Wendy with the blunt instrument, hitting the left side of Wendy’s head was struck instead of the right, Wendy would not have hit the table with the left side of her head. Would that have been remotely reasonable? It is not often people find themselves in life or death situations. Pam taking a normal swing with the first object she grabbed likely was the reasonable action in order to save Jeri.
The Agents of SHIELD mid-season taught a powerful life lesson: Revenge missions result in evil being released on Earth, specifically in the forms of Lash and the Extreme Ancient Hell Beast Supreme HYDRA from an alien moon. The bad guys won at the end of the day with a lot of dead Inhumans, HYDRA achieving their goal, and Lash free to run amuck.
How did this all happen? Director Phil Coulson turned into Captain Ahab in his pursuit of Grant Ward. Coulson set out to kill Ward, which is highly problematic, because SHIELD is a rogue epigone law enforcement agency acting on its own.
Coulson actions to order the killing of Ward were a conspiracy to commit murder. It is undisputed that Grant Ward is a traitor, terrorist, and has actively participated in rebellion and insurrection against the United States. However, from a law enforcement perspective, Ward would be a high value target for the FBI and CIA. The goal would be to arrest Ward and prosecute him for his crimes.
The killings of U.S. Citizens who are engaged in terrorism are currently hot legal issues. It is one thing if a citizen is killed by the military in combat while they are actively waging war against the U.S. overseas. “Targeted killings” of U.S. Citizens by drones is another matter entirely.
The “DOJ White Paper” is a 16-page memorandum on when the United States could engage in a targeted killing of a U.S. Citizen who is a senior operational leader of Al-Qa’ida or Associated Force. The three factors for a targeted killing of a US citizen who is a senior operational leader of Al-Qa’ida per the memo require:
The memo states that targeting a member of an enemy force who poses an imminent threat of violent attack to the United States is not unlawful, because it is a matter of national defense.
Assuming the United States in the Marvel Cinematic Universe prepared similar legal analysis for HYDRA, Coulson’s kill order of Grant Ward is illegal on its face.
Director Coulson is not an informed, high-level official of the U.S. government. Coulson is leading a rogue agency, which arguably would qualify as a terrorist organization, even if SHIELD is engaged in their view of national defense. As such, Coulson determining that Ward posed “an imminent threat of violence against the United States,” has zero legality.
There is no evidence that the capture of Grant Ward is infeasible. Ward’s capture might be infeasible by SHIELD, but the resources of the FBI, CIA, and military, far surpass Coulson’s ability to conduct national defense or law enforcement.
Finally, Coulson’s operation to kill Ward was not consistent with any applicable laws. Yes, the final act of murder was on an alien moon, but the chase to find Ward was conducted in the United States and an illegal operation into the United Kingdom. Moreover, Coulson’s act of killing Ward was after Ward had been subdued, with Coulson using his robotic hand to crush Ward’s ribcage. The US military and CIA does not commit roadside executions overseas, however, the Director of SHIELD apparently does if his girlfriend is killed.
Per the established [legally suspect] rules for targeted killing, Phil Coulson had no legal authority to kill Grant Ward. Perhaps if rules of engagement had been followed, neither Lash and Mega-Evil-Undead-Ward would not be on the rampage for future seasons. Lesson learned: the Director of SHIELD should not act like the Punisher.
Growing up is hard, but for a Force Sensitive child in the Star Wars universe, it means being hunted by the Empire. In the Star Wars Rebels episode “The Future of the Force,” our heroes protect human and Ithorian infants from the Seventh Sister and Fifth Brother.
The treatment of Younglings has been problematic since The Phantom Menace. It appeared the Jedi would take children from their parents who were strong in the Force. It is not clear that the parents always consented to their children to be raised by the Jedi or if it was mandated by law. From a certain point of view, it appeared the Jedi adopted Younglings, severing parental rights to their children. The Jedi effectively put Plato’s Republic in practice with the Community of Women and Children, with the state raising the children to serve the collective good.
Severing parental rights without parental consent is a complicated process. Courts must find parental custody would be detrimental to the child by clear and convincing evidence. Cal Fam Code § 3041. Raising a Force sensitive child might have its challenges, but the Jedi would need more than “The child could turn to the Dark Side,” in order to take away parental rights without consent.
Star Wars Rebels sent a very different message. The Inquisitors Seventh Sister and Fifth Brother were abducting Younglings strong in the Force. Just as there are always two, the Inquisitors committed at least two crimes: kidnapping and child abduction.
Kidnapping is the forcible taking of a person. Cal Pen Code § 207. Child abduction is the taking of a child by someone who does not have a right to custody of that child. Cal Pen Code § 278. One Court explained the difference between the crimes as follows:
There is a fundamental difference between kidnapping, Cal. Penal Code § 207, and child abduction, Cal. Penal Code § 278, in terms of the person targeted by the offense; the first is a crime against the person being kidnapped, the second against the parents of the child abducted. If there is evidence that a defendant’s conduct is aimed at both, there is no reason why he or she should not be prosecuted under both statutes.
In re Michele D. (2002) 29 Cal 4th 600.
The Inquisitors committed both crimes in “The Future of the Force.” The human Youngling was forcefully taken from her grandmother. The grandmother had legal custody of the child and the Inquisitors had no legal right to custody. Taking the Youngling was child abduction from the grandmother and kidnapping of the Youngling herself (plus assault, battery, and possibly murder).
The Inquisitors attempted to take the Ithorian infant from his mother, making their actions attempted kidnapping and child abduction (and actual assault and battery on the mother).
Our Rebels were well within their right to rescue the Younglings under the “defense of others.” Granted, they did sort of carjack that speeder flown by the Ithorian, but we’ll let that one slide with a necessity defense.
As the time for the premier for The Force Awakens draws near, excitement is brewing for those new and familiar with the series. For decades many fans have speculated on the comings and goings of the characters from the original Star Wars Trilogy. With the canon now being rewritten, The Force Awakens hopes to take us to places in the galaxy far far away that have never been seen before. Screen shots from the movie trailers hint at the return of many familiar characters. Of course this just leads to more questions, but one question that has been left unanswered for decades deals with an object rather than a character. That object is the lightsaber wielded by Luke and Anakin Skywalker. Yes, fans might want to know where that lightsaber is, but for that matter, who actually owns the lightsaber? For that answer the lightsaber must be analyzed through the intricate lense that is property law.
As you might recall this was the second lightsaber Anakin built. His first lightsaber was destroyed on Geonosis during the events of Attack of the Clones. From the Clone Wars series there is no depiction of him making the new lightsaber, but there was an episode showing younglings crafting their own Jedi weapons. For the sake of this analysis, we will assume that Anakin made his second lightsaber in a similar matter. However, this does not mean that the Jedi Order may claim ownership over the weapon (think crafts that you bring home from summer camp, but more dangerous). This would mean the lightsaber is Anakin’s personal property. This means that Anakin has the true legal title to the lightsaber.
After Anakin and Obi-Wan’s battle on Mustafar, Obi-Wan took the lightsaber with him before entering into a self-imposed exile on Tatooine. At no point does Anakin give the lightsaber to Obi-Wan, therefore Anakin still retained rightful title in the lightsaber. It is not clear if Obi-Wan meant to take it for himself or if he knew that he would give it to either Luke or Leia. Either way, this was arguably still an act of larceny. Connecticut law defines larceny as:
A person commits larceny when, with intent to deprive another of property or to appropriate the same to himself or a third person, he wrongfully takes, obtains or withholds such property from an owner. Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-119 (2015).
Since Obi-Wan cut off Anakin’s legs and arm immediately before taking the lightsaber, it seems a likely conclusion that Obi-Wan intended to deprive Anakin of the lightsaber by taking it and leaving Anakin to smolder in the lava of Mustafar.
Meanwhile, Obi-Wan has been exerting dominion and control over the lightsaber. He kept it with him on Tatooine during his exile, and nineteen years after the events of Revenge of the Sith, Obi-Wan presented the lightsaber to Luke Skywalker, saying that it belonged to his father. At this point, Luke was under the impression that his father was already dead. To his knowledge then, there was no other owner of the lightsaber still living. He took the lightsaber from Obi-Wan as a gift, not knowing that the true title of the lightsaber still resided with his living father. Connecticut defines a gift as follows:
A gift is the transfer of property without consideration. It requires two things: a delivery of the possession of the property to the donee, and an intent that the title thereto shall pass immediately to him. Coppola v. Farina, 50 Conn. Sup. 11, 13, 910 A.2d 1011 (2006).
There are two elements that must be satisfied. First, that the possession of the lightsaber transfer to Luke, and second, the intent that the title immediately transfer to Luke. While the first element was satisfied, the second could not be fulfilled as Obi-Wan never had the title to the lightsaber. As such the gift fails, however, Luke is still in (unlawful) possession of the lightsaber.
Fast forward to the events of the Empire Strikes Back in which Luke has his hand cut off by Darth Vader (Anakin Skywalker) and is deprived of the lightsaber. However, shortly after this he learns that Darth Vader is his father. Upon this revelation, he is aware that his father, the true owner of the lightsaber, is alive. Darth Vader has a valid claim against Luke for the return of the lightsaber. In terms of criminal conduct though, it is unlikely that Luke could be charged with receipt of stolen property. In the state of Connecticut “a person is guilty of larceny by receiving stolen property if (he/she) receives stolen property knowing that it has probably been stolen or believing that it has probably been stolen.” Conn. Gen. Stat.§ 53a-119(8). In this instance, Luke had no reason to think that the lightsaber had been stolen since he was convinced that his father was dead. Granted Luke probably should have asked a few more questions regarding the provenance of the lightsaber, but this does not make him liable. As a result, though Darth Vader would have had a claim, there would likely not have been a criminal claim against Luke.
Regardless of the claims against him, Luke lost the lightsaber in an undisclosed location on Cloud City. If he was still exerting dominion and control over the lightsaber, he would be on notice to return it to its true owner. Luke, however, was not in possession of the lightsaber after learning that his father was still alive. As such, he was not necessarily responsible for returning it at that point.
Moving then to the events of Return of the Jedi. After the death of Darth Vader, Connecticut intestacy law suggest that his personal property would then belong to his living heirs. In this case, the two living heirs would be Luke and Leia Skywalker (since Padme, their mother, is also deceased). See Conn. Gen. Stat.§ 45a-438. However, there is an argument to be made that Luke contributed to the death of Darth Vader by weakening him before his confrontation with Emperor Palpatine. Albeit Darth Vader acting on his own to save his son, this does not change the fact that Luke intentionally acted to harm his father. But for Luke’s lightsaber duel, Darth Vader may have been able to fend off Emperor Palpatine. More importantly, after the exchange Luke drags his father’s body to a hangar in an effort to leave the second Death Star. In the end, Darth Vader asks Luke to help him take off his mask. Luke acknowledges that this will kill Darth Vader. Although Darth Vader claims that this is inevitable, Luke still takes off the mask knowing that it would lead to Darth Vader’s death. While some jurisdictions recognize “right-to-die” legislation, Connecticut is not one of them. As a result, Luke may be charged with murder. In Connecticut, “A person is guilty of murder when, with intent to cause the death of another person, he causes the death of such person or of a third person or causes a suicide by force, duress or deception . . . .” Conn. Gen. Stat.§ Sec. 53a-54a.
The reason Luke’s actions are relevant to the lightsaber ownership is due to the fact that Connecticut has a slayer law. A slayer law prevents certain individuals from inheriting property if they caused the death of the person leaving the estate. In Connecticut, if Luke is found guilty of murdering his father (or being an accessory to his father’s murder) then he is prohibited from inheriting or receiving part of the estate from the victim (i.e. his father). Conn. Gen. Stat.§ Sec. 45a-447(c)(1). According to Connecticut law, the residual estate would then pass to Anakin’s other heirs. Conn. Gen. Stat.§ Sec. 45a-447. This means that the Connecticut Superior Court could determine he is guilty of murder, but a conviction would not bar him from inheriting the lightsaber. Only when he exhausts all of his appeals would he be barred from inheriting. Sulser v. Winnick, Conn. Super. LEXIS 2137 (2007).
If Luke were to be found responsible for Darth Vader’s death, then the statute would leave Leia Skywalker, Darth Vader’s only other living heir, to inherit their father’s entire estate (which may consist of shares in a now imploded Death Star). Whether or not Leia is aware of this, the true title to Darth Vader’s lightsaber would go to Leia. The unique nature of the lightsaber may prohibit Leia from wielding it like her brother or father. Certain laws may require the lightsaber to be registered for Leia to possess it, or the law could require Leia to have a permit for the lightsaber. This is likely not the case as it would equate lightsabers to handguns under Connecticut law. However, Connecticut still finds a knife with an automatic spring release from the handle with a blade longer than one and one-half inches to be a dangerous weapon. See Conn. Gen. Stat.§ Sec. 29-38. A lightsaber surely has a similar release function with a saber length of longer than one and one-half inches. While this law does not make mere possession of the lightsaber illegal, carrying the lightsaber in a vehicle or on one’s person would certainly be illegal with few exceptions. Although Leia may have title to the lightsaber, she could be prevented from taking it with her for weekend getaways in the Millennium Falcon.
[SPOILERS AND SPECULATION]
This leads us to Star Wars VII. While images show Finn (John Boyega) holding what looks to be the lightsaber in question this has not been definitively confirmed. How he received or acquired the new lightsaber will impact the necessary legal analysis. In the hands of Finn, we see the memorable blue glow of the lightsaber that has not been seen (in the film timeline) since Luke learned of his parentage in The Empire Strikes Back. While the lightsaber’s current location is yet to be seen, its fate will likely play some role in the plot of The Force Awakens. Leia has the legal title to that fabled piece of property, but she may not even realize it. In the end, no one can legally obtain ownership of the lightsaber in question without Leia transferring title.
Kilgrave, AKA The Purple Man, has the ability to make people do his bidding, whether it is preparing him dinner or killing someone. In AKA Jessica Jones, Kilgrave used his power from everything for financial gain to playing hyper-creepy sugar daddy with any woman who caught his eye.
Hope Shlottman was Kilgrave’s collegiate victim who was kidnapped for a month as his personal plaything, enduring everything from emotional torture to rape. Hope was programmed by Kilgrave to execute her parents after Jessica Jones rescued Hope in the first episode. After shooting her parents in an elevator, Hope only said, “Smile.”
A defense attorney could argue that Hope was not guilty by reason of insanity. However, this is highly problematic, because there are not recognized cases for “mind control” or “brainwashing.”
The Insanity Defense in New York is an affirmative defense where a defendant had a mental disease or defect that prohibited them from either 1) understand the nature and consequences of their criminal conduct; or 2) understanding that such conduct was wrong. NY CLS Penal § 40.15.
Hope clearly was not in control of herself when she committed the double murder of her parents. Unfortunately, cases with “mind control” or “brainwashing” are not helpful in forming an insanity defense.
In one case, a Hare Krishna religious group could not be prosecuted for unlawfully imprisoning two members through “brainwashing,” “mind control,” or “manipulation of mental processes,” because there was no evidence of “fraud, deception, intimidation or restraint, physical or otherwise.” People v Murphy, 98 Misc. 2d 235, 413 N.Y.S.2d 540 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1977). Furthermore, just because a religion is unconventional, does not mean that “a strict regimen, meditation, chanting, self-denial and the communication of other religious teachings cannot be construed as criminal in nature and serve as the basis for a criminal indictment nor is the concept of “mind control” or “brainwashing” a crime in and of itself.” Id.
The Murphy court went on to state:
The concept of mind control or brainwashing is not a crime in and of itself. The fact that indoctrination and constant chanting may be used as a defense mechanism to ward off what another person is saying or doing is devastating and it is equally devastating when used as a technique for brainwashing or mind control. It may even destroy healthy brain cells. It may also cause an inability to think, to be reasonable or logical. However, this does not constitute a crime. Neither brainwashing nor mind control per se is a crime. It cannot be used as the basis for making out the elements of the crimes charged herein.
Murphy, at *243.
Given what has happened since 1977 with cults and international terrorism, not everyone will agree with the Murphy court. As seen in People v. Vieira, a Court prohibited expert testimony during the guilt phase from a cult expert that the defendant was unable to form the required mental state for murder due to the “influence of mind control techniques.” People v. Vieira (2005) 35 Cal.4th 264, 265.
“Brainwashing” also appears as serious allegations between parents in child custody cases. Often in these cases, one parent accuses the other of “brainwashing” a child against the aggrieved parent. See generally, R.L. v J.L. (Sup.Ct.) 2012 NY Slip Op 50447(U); Thomas S. v. Robin Y. (App.Div. 1994) 209 A.D.2d 298, 314; Lazar v. Lazar (App.Div. 1967) 28 A.D.2d 991.
The most on point case for Hope is from a petition for a writ of habeas corpus by the murderer of Senator Robert F. Kennedy. The petitioner argued that there was evidence of “hypnotic programming.” The Court summarized the argument and analysis as follows:
Furthermore, petitioner’s own recitation of the events leading up to the murder are vague and fail to demonstrate that he actually was the victim of hypno-programming by some unnamed person or entity. Petitioner’s recently recalled memories about the bartender, the woman in the polka dot dress pinching him, and entering “range mode,” are far from compelling evidence of his innocence. Petitioner’s recitation of the events of the night he shot Senator Kennedy amount to self-serving recollections that, even if believed, do no more than suggest a sinister plot and a possibly exculpatory theory — namely, that petitioner was under a hypnotic trance and did not intentionally shoot Senator Kennedy. Whether or not the theory that a person can be hypnotized to commit murder and then to lose his memory of committing that murder is scientifically credible, and the Court assumes that it is solely for purposes of this analysis, petitioner has not provided any reliable evidence that this actually occurred. Evidence of a mysterious woman in a polka dot dress, petitioner’s “feeling” that he might have had a relationship with the bartender who used non-verbal signals such as nodding his head and making eye contact, petitioner’s feeling “tired” after drinking alcohol, his following a woman whom he found attractive into the pantry, the “pinch,” and his subsequent drawing out the gun and shooting during his “flashback” to the shooting range are “facts” that could fit the mind control theory. Then again, they are fuzzy recollections of portions of a night more than forty years ago that contradict petitioner’s prior, more contemporaneous statements.
Sirhan v. Brazelton (C.D.Cal. 2013) 76 F. Supp. 3d 1073, 1123-1124.
Hope’s attorneys would need to offer evidence that she was under a form of “hypnotic programming” by Kilgrave to effectively prove she did not understand the nature and consequences of her criminal conduct. There actually is hope that the Defense could be successful with this argument, because Hope spent a month with Kilgrave doing out-of-character actions. These actions include the sudden alienation with her parents, dropping out of school, moving out of her apartment, and spending all of her time with a man at least 20 years older than her. Moreover, a jury would take find it odd that a student athlete with good grades turned into a homicidal “sugar baby” overnight.
The night Jessica Jones liberated Hope from a high-class hotel, Hope had been left to lie in her own waste for hours in bed. Furthermore, upon being moved from the bed, Hope fought to return to the bed, where she had been told to wait for a specific amount of time. Jones’ testimony, coupled with a psychologist, could show Hope was not suffering from Stockholm Syndrome or acting under her own will.
These facts demonstrate a change in Hope that was not consistent with her character. While it might not be direct evidence of hypnotic programing to commit murder, it could be enough to create reasonable doubt with a jury that Hope was not in control of her actions. Moreover, in a world with alien invasions, killer robots, and flying aircraft carriers, convincing a jury of someone with a super power to control others would not be an impossible challenge. Difficult and risky, but not impossible.